Ko te PET te matērihi pakipaki inu e whanuitia ana i tēnei wā. Mā te hūmata tere i te PET ka taea te whiwhi i ngā hua amorphous, āhua kākāhuata me te māma ake ki te tōiri, nā reira ka taea te hanga i ngā pene rama e rua te tō, me ngā pīni totohe kaha, āhua kākāhuata mai i ngā takotoranga amorphous. Ka taea hoki te tāpahi tika, te totohe rānei ki ngā kōpae paraihe PET e kore e taea te tō. Ko ngā kōpae paraihe PET, ina he pīni totohe, ka whakamahi tino pai i ngā mahi a te PET, ka tuku i tētahi āhua pai mō ngā kai roto. Ko ō rātou mahi me te utu e ōrite ana ki ētahi atu kōpae paraihe. Nō reira, ina whakamahia te PET hei matērihi pakipaki, ko te tikanga matua ko te totohe tāpahi. Ko ngā pīni iti kei waenganui i ngā tekau miriona animita ki te 2 litra ngā mea e whanuitia ana, ā, kei te 30 animita hoki ētahi pīni nui. Mai i ngā tau 1980 tuatahi, nō te māmā o tana taumaha, te māmā o te hanga, te iti o te utu, me te māmā o te huringa nui i te huringa, i tipu ai ia ki te tere kore e taea te whakatangi. I roto i ngā 20 tau, i tipu ai hei ahunga matua o te pakipaki inu o te ao. Kāore anō pea i whanuitia ki te pakipaki mō ngā inu karapoti, wai pakipaki, ngā taputapu, ngā kiko, ngā inu mā, ngā taru huruhuru, me ētahi atu hua, engari ko ngā pīni kua whakarerekengia mō te inu wera ka taea hoki te whakamahi mō ngā inu huarākau me ngā inu tii. Kei te uru mai hoki ngā pīni inu kirihini PET kua paingia ki te aronga matua, ā, kei te tipu hoki ngā pīni PET kua pakia koremate. Ka taea te kī atu ko te whanaketanga o te aronga e whānui haere ana i ngā mara e whai wāhi ana ngā pīni PET. Kāore anō pea i whānui ake i ō rātou mātātoko mō te wai inu me ngā inu karapoti, engari kei te pā atu hoki rātou ki te pito whakamutunga o te pakipaki kirihini me ngā tinā moni mō te inu kirihini me ētahi atu hua.
Ko te prosihia whakaputa i ngā paraihe mō ngā pīti PET e rua nui ngā wāhanga. Ko te wāhanga tuatahi ko te whakaputa i ngā paraihe taketake, arā, ko te whakaputa i te polyester. Ko te tikanga whakaputa i ngā paraihe taketake mō ngā pīti he rite tonu ki te tikanga mō ngā paraihe noa. I te wā e ū ana ki ētahi wherawhera ake mō ngā paraihe pīti, ka tāpiri kia toru ngā monomer IPA me ētahi taputapu atamira. Ko te wāhanga tuarua ko te papa-tūtika o ngā waehenga taketake.
1. Ngā dimensions waho o ngā waehenga matū
Ko ngā whakaritenga transesterification me te esterification e hoki ana. Kia neke te taurite ki te aronga mua, me tango tūmatawhā ngā hua iti molekī. E rua ngā tikanga mō ngā huamai iti molekī e āhua ana i te polikondensation pase kiri, arā, ko te tikanga o ngā huamai iti molekī e pakaru mai ana i roto ki te mata o te wāhanga, me te tikanga pakaru mai i te mata ki waho o te wāhanga. I roto i ēnei, ko te tere pakaru mai i te mata o te wafer ki waho e pā ana ki te wera me te tere o te nitrogine. Mā te mātai ake, i ngā hua SSP, i ngā wera kei runga me ngā tere kei runga, ko te tere pakaru o ngā hua iti molekī i roto i te wafer he nui ake te reka i te tere pakaru mai i te mata o te wafer ki waho. Nō reira, kia tango ai i ngā hua iti molekī kia rahi ake, me roa ake te wā noho o te wafer i te punaha. Nā te poto ake o te ara pakaru o ngā hua iti molekī i roto i ngā pātiiti iti i te pātiiti nui, he māma ake te wehe. Anō hoki, me te iti ake o ngā tauira pātiiti, ka piki te rahinga mata katoa o ngā pātiiti, ka piki te tere o te tuku wera, ā, ka piki anō te tere o te whakaritenga. Nō reira, i roto i tētahi rohe, ko te tere o te polikondensation pase kiri o PET e takirua ana ki te rahi o ngā paraka matū. Heoi anō, ki te iti rawa ngā pātiiti, he pātata ki te here, ka pā ki te tere o te whakaritenga. Anō hoki, ko te āhua o ngā pātiiti e pā ana ki te tere o te whakaritenga. Ko ngā āhua kore-tatū hoki e pātata ana ki te here. Nō reira, he tino teitei ngā here taraiwa mō ngā wafer matua, ā, kaua e uru he wafer kore-tika ki te punaha polikondensation pase kiri.
2. Te uara tae o ngā kape o te matū mātai
Ko te uara tae o ngā kaupeka matūranga tuarangi e whakatau ana i te uara tae o ngā kaupeka hua o te mutunga. He maha ngā āhuatanga e pa ana ki te uara tae o te kaupeka tuarangi. Ko te tae te tohu mātai tino rite e whakaatu ana i te kounga o te wāhanga. Ko tana ine ka hāngai ki ngā tikanga chromatography me photometry, pērā anō ko ngā tauwhitinga inenga o te Komihana Iriti Tuarangi. Arataki, ka whakamahia he tapa tae e whakamahi ana i te huinga Hunter (L,a,b) mō te ine, kei hea ko L hei tohu i te ma me te mārama. ko a te tohu kākāriki/uwha; ko b te tohu kōura. He maha ngā āhuatanga e pa ana ki te tae o ngā kaupeka tuarangi, ina nui pea i ngā rerekētanga o te kounga matū, ngā momo me ngā ihirangi o ngā taupā, ngā tikanga hua, te whakahaere tikanga hua, me te kounga hua [3]. I te wā penei, he ara whakahaere tino rite noa mai i te āhuatanga tikanga, arā, i raro i te tikanga pūmahara me te kounga pai o ngā matū me ngā hua pāwhara, ka taea te whakarerekē i te uara b o ngā kaupeka mā te whakauru i ngā karaihe uwha me kikorangi. He pīroiroi ake ngā āhuatanga e pa ana ki te uara tae o ngā kaupeka hua. Heoi anō, he tikanga tino teitei ngā kaupeka mō ngā pīwai mō ngā ipu mōrearea mō te uara tae o te hua. Nō reira, me whakarerekē tika i te tikanga e hāngai ana ki ngā hereketo o te kaiwhakamahi kia tutuki ai ngā hiahia.
3. Ihirangi IPA me DEG
Ko te ihirangi o IPA me DEG i ngā kape raihana kua oti te whakapae i te wā o te whanaketanga o ngā kape takitahi, ā, ka noho pūmau ake ō rātou ihirangi i te wā o te tukanga whakapakari i te ata papa
Ko te nui o te IPA he mea matua herekore ki te piki ake o te ngota o ngā kapi. Ko te tāpiri i te IPA hei whakaiti i te raupapa tika o ngā molekiula rahi PET ki tētahi wāhi, nā reira ka heke te mahi puawaitanga o ngā kapi. Tuatahi, ka taea te whakanui ake i te mahi tukatuka i te wera tārai me te pūpahi, me te heke i te wāhi tukatuka. Tuarua, ka taea te whakanui ake i te māmā o te takotoranga me te ipu. Heoi anō, ko te tāpiri i te IPA e heke ai te pae parurenga me te pae tanumia o te PET, nā reira ka heke te kaha herehere me te kaha hinu o ngā ipu kua hāngia. Nō reira, me tāutu tika me te whakahaere tino āhuatia te ihirangi o te IPA e ai ki ngā here o te maakete. I tēnei wā, kua hāngia e te kamupene ērā atu momo kapi mō ngā ipu e rua e hāngai ana ki ngā herenga o ngā kaiwhilma: ko tētahi ko ngā kapi mō ngā inu karapoti noa, ko tētahi atu ko ngā kapi mō ngā inu huawhenua kua pūpahi hau mātauranga. E hiahiatia ana kia pai te kaha ki te hau mātauranga i te tuarua. Nō reira, kei te tāutu i ētahi wāhi i te tikanga pūpahi ipu, pērā i te tāpiri i tētahi tikanga mātauranga hau, me te tāutu i te wāhi o te pepa, Anō hea, kua iti ake te ihirangi o te IPA i ngā matapae (e 1.5%, he ōweenga taumaha) hei whakanui ake i te puawaitanga o te PET, me te whakatinga i ngā herehere wāhi o ngā ipu inu. Anō hoki, he whai pānga hoki te ihirangi o te IPA ki te hunga hautau hautau. Mēnā he kore tika te ihirangi o te IPA, pērā me te nuinga rawa, ka pāngia te puawaitanga kore-kīato o ngā kapi i te pūpahitanga mātauranga me te kāpia, nā reira ka pāngia te kapi kia pakari tahi i te wā o te piki ake o te ngota.
Ko te nui o te diethylene glycol e whakataungia ana e te tikanga hātepe me te tika pea mā te whakarereke i te ōwehenga o te tauira (hei tauira, te whakarereke i te ōwehenga o EG ki PTA). I te wā nei, ko te ihirangi o te diethylene glycol kua tapia mō ngā pēpihi heke kei te 1.1%±0.2% (mā te take taumira). I roto i tēnei rohe, he pai ake te nui ake o te diethylene glycol mō te whakapai ake i te mātātoko ki te wera o ngā kapa. Hei te mea, he paku pakarua ngā hononga iti i roto i te diethylene glycol, ka taea e ia te whakapiki i te tere pūpahi o te PET. Engari, kāore e tika ana kia tino nui te ihirangi, nā te mea ka heke te pūkaha o ngā molekiula PET me te heke iho hoki te wāhi urutau o te PET, ka tino pāngia ai i te wā e piri haere ana te kapa. Mēnā he nui te ihirangi, ka heke anō hoki ngā īnitahi hinengaro i te wā o te tapa me te pūmahara kōpae.
4. Rōpū karohi matapihi
I raro i ētahi atu whakaritenga, ko te nui o ngā rōpū karohikohiko kaukau he mea pai ki te piki ake i te tere o te arotake. Mai i te wāhanga o te arotake SSP, e kitea ana he tau e rua: te whakapiropiro hoki me te whakapaipai. Ko te nui o ngā rōpū karohikohiko kaukau he mea pai mō te arotake whakapaipai i waenganui i ngā tuitui PET, ā, ka piki ake te tere o te arotake. I roto i ngā kape o te PET, ko te piki ake o te urupare H+ he mea pai hoki mō te pānga arotakai ake o te kaiārahi. Engari, ko te piki ake o te ihirangi o ngā rōpū karohikohiko kaukau ka whai pānga ki te mahi muri ake o ngā kape. Nō reira, me pupuri ai ngā rōpū karohikohiko kaukau o ngā kape takitahi i roto i tētahi rohe, ko te tikanga ko te 30 ki te 40mol/t, ā, ko ngā kape mō ngā pihiatua ko te 30mol/t.
5. Ētahi atu take
Ko ngā momo me ngā kōtaha o ngā taupā taurangi e āwhina ana i ngā kape o te matū mātai he whai pānga pea ki te kounga ake o ngā kape kua oti. E hiahiatia ana te tāpiri i tētahi kaiwhakapaipai māmā, ko te pirihauropi, hei hanga i ngā rīwai pūpahi. Ko te mahi a te pirihauropi he kati i ngā mutunga o te PET mā te nuinga o ngā rōpū phosphate, ka pakari ake ai te tūponotanga o te PET. Heoi anō, nā te mea e taea ana e ngā rōpū phosphate hoki te huri hei kaiārahi mō ngā PET, he nui te pānga ki te tārua inu mō ngā rīwai pūpahi. I te wā o te tārua inu, ko ngā oligomer, ngā oksiri metara (pērā i te antimony trioxide), ngā phosphate, me ētahi atu he kaiārahi mō te PET. Anō hoki, ētahi karapu iti te molekī, pērā i te polyethylene glycol, ahakoa kāore he pāinga ki te kaiārahi, engari he kaiwhakarereke mō te kohikohi. Mēnā he nui ake te kōtaha o ēnei mea ki runga ake i tētahi taumata, ka āki ai te tere o te kohikohi (hei whakaiti i te wāhanga māmā), ka pā ki te kounga o te tārua inu, ka hua he kapua mā ki te pōroto, ki te parirau rānei, tae atu ki te pā ki te maru o te inu katoa. Nō reira, i te pono i te kounga o ngā kape me te tere o te whakautu (te māka o te taputapu), me iti ake te kōtaha o ngā taupā, tae atu ki ngā kaiwhakarereke.
6. Te pānga o ngā arataki tukanga o te pre-crystallizer me te crystallizer ki ngā īnitahi o te hua
Ko te tautuhinga whānui o te pae mō te kiriata-tapawhā ko te 145 ki te 150℃ (ngā utu e tukuna ana e te tāngata whenua). Mēnā he iti noa te wera, nā te uaua ki te wehe i ngā molekūle wai i te āhua o te wai tapawhā i roto i ngā kōpae, ka pēra noa te huritao o te tapawhā o ngā kōpae, ka pēra noa te tapawhā i te wā poto, e kore e taea te ū ki ngā hiahia o te whakaputa. Heoi anō, kāore hoki te wera tapawhā e tino pai ana, nā te mea ake ake te wera, ka pāngia te kōpae e te okihana me te porohita e te arai ki roto i te kiriata-tapawhā me te kiriata, nā reira ka pā ki te uara tae o te hua. Ko te tautuhinga wera o te rāwhiti ko te 170 ki te 175℃ (ngā utu e tukuna ana e te tāngata whenua). Mēnā ka piki ake te wera i te 175℃, ake ake te wā e noho ana ngā kōpae ki te kiriata-tapawhā me te kiriata, ka piki ake te uara tae tino tere, kei te paku noa te panonitanga o te tapawhā. Anā, i te whakaputa pono, kāore e taea te whakamahi i te whakākī tino nui kia tika ai te uara b. Nā te mea, ina iti te wera, ka pāngia te kōpae e te iti rawa o te tapawhā, ka pā ki te kōpae ki te piriti i te piriti māmā me te pātene i muri ake nei, ā, he uaua anō hoki te wehe i ngā wai i te āhua tapawhā. Ka pā tēnei ki te pānga huako o ngā kōpae, nō reira ki te kounga ake o ngā kōpae mutunga. Ingoa anake mā te whakaputa i ngā kōpae tapawhā pai ka taea te whiwhi i ngā kōpae taumira pai. Ko te kupu “kōpae tapawhā pai” e matua tohu ana ki te tapawhā o ngā kōpae e tata ana ki tētahi uara, hei tauira ko te tapawhā e puta mai ana i te kiriata-tapawhā e ≥30%, ko te tapawhā ki te putanga o te kiriata e ≥40%, ko te tapawhā ki te putanga o te piriti māmā e ≥45%. Ki te kore, ka pāngia ngā kōpae e te herekenga i te wā o te taumira. Ko tētahi atu take ko te tapawhā mata o ngā kōpae me tū āna tūāhuatanga.
7. Te pānga o ngā arataki tukanga o te preheater me te reactor ki te mahi o te hua
Ka whakapakari aua rua wāhanga i te kītoitangi o ngā kōpae ki ngā rerekētanga rereke. E rua ngā take pāngarau me te āhuatanga kinetika e pā ana ki ngā whakapaunga polikondinitation takirua: te paemotu o te whakapaunga, me te rerekētanga e pupū ana ai ngā hua iti-mokowhiti ki waho mai i ngā wāhanga. Ko te tuatahi e noho ana ki te whakahaere paemotu o te hau hei whakapai.
Ko te pānga o te temperatūra ki ngā whakapāhono he mea hoki e rua ngā āhuatanga pai, e rua hoki ngā kino. Mā te whakapaua ake i te temeperatū ka piki ake te tere o te whakapāhono. I raro i te tikanga o te piki ake pea i te kītohe, ka piki ake te kaha o te taputapu. Anō hoki, i raro i te tikanga o te hua tuku, ka piki ake anō hoki te kītohe. Engari, ko te pikinga o te temeperatū ka tāwhaihia e te pikinga o ngā whakapāhono tārua, ā, ka pā anō ki ngā tohu kounga o te hua. Nō reira, i te whakangao whaihua, me kitea he temeperatū tika, ā, me whai mātātoko i ēnei āhuatanga e rua. I tēnei taputapu, ko te wāhi e whakatau ana i te temeperatū o te whare whakapāhono ko te temeperatū putake o te kōpae parahaki. Ka taea te whakahaere i te temeperatū o te whare whakapāhono mā te huri i te temeperatū putake o te kōpae parahaki, me te tere o te naitorihi whakamaroke i te tautoheke o te kōpae parahaki. Ko te temeperatū urunga o te whare whakapāhono ka nekehia ki raro ngāwari, ā, ko te whakapāhono hoki o te punaha ka marie. Ko te wā mō te whakahou i te tūponotanga i muri i te huringa he iti noa rānei te rua tekau pea o te wā noho o te whare whakapāhono. I te wā kotahi, e hia wā anō hoki te huringa e hiahiatia ana i te uara kītohe o te hua mutunga. Ki te kore, ka tino ōrite te tere o te whakapāhono, ā, ka hua ai te kītohe e kore nei e ōrite ki ngā waikiri, ā, ka pā ki te mahi aipurangi aipurangi ake o ngā waikiri.
Ko te āhuatanga tuarua e hāngai ana ki te tere o te rere o te nitrogine i te wā o te whakapiri, me te roa mata motuhake o ngā kōpae. Nā reira, ko te nitrogine aronga mōhiotia hei tikanga whakapuaki (heoi anō i te pūhiko), ā, aronga atu hei tikanga e tangohia ai ngā hua matiiti iti. Kia pērā me te kōrero i mua, e rua ngā tikanga e puta ai ai ngā hua matiiti iti i hangaia e te whakakikoruatia. I roto i ēnei, ko te tikanga e rerekē ai ngā molekīni iti mai i te mata ki waho e hāngai ana ki te tere o te rere o te nitrogine, me te wāhi. Nā konei, e rere ana te nitrogine, me ngā kōpae ki ngā tātata e toru, ka āki ai i te eke ki te aukati i ngā hua matiiti iti. Ko te pūhiko o te taputapu BUHLER e whakamahi ana i tētahi hanganga rōri, e whakapuaki ana i te nitrogine i te raro, me te whakapuaki hoki i te waenga, ka pai ake te whakapuaki, ā, ka wehe i ngā kokoti. I te pūhiko, nā te mea kei te pēhi ake te pēhi i te raro, ka whakahaeratia te wāhi o te karuwhenua ki te raro o te 190, ka iti ake te tūponotanga o ngā kōpae kia kume kia kotahi. Ko te tere o te rere o te nitrogine, e whakamahia ana hei tikanga whakapuaki, e hāngai ana ki te wāhi o te whakapiri, me te uta whakangao (hei tauira, te hiahia ki te ōwehenga o te karuwhenua-kōpae). I te poto o te wāhi, me te uta e pumau ana, kei te tātou i te uara mutunga mō te tere o te rere o te nitrogine. Arā, i muri i te eke ki tēnei uara, kāore te tere e piki ake anō i te tere o te whakapiri nā te mea kua eke kē te takotoranga o te karuwhenua-kōpae ki te taurite. Engari, inā piki te wāhi, ka pakaru tēnei taurite. Ka teretere tonu te taumata o ngā molekīni iti ki te mata o te karuwhenua-kōpae a muri ake nei i te pikinga o te tere o te nitrogine, ā, ka eke ki tētahi taurite hou.
Ko tētahi atu take e pa ana ki te tere o te whakautanga o SSP, ko te kaha waho - te kaha karaihe. Arā pea, ko te rahi o te ihirangi karaihe kei te wāhanga matua, ko te ihirangi karaihe kei te wāhanga A he toru haurua o te nui o te ihirangi karaihe kei te wāhanga B. Mō ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te aronga karaihe o tētahi karaihe, i tua atu i te ihirangi karaihe, he nui ake te take o tepature whakautanga.
8. Te pānga o ngā punaha horoi hau ki ngā īngoa hua
(1)Ihumaata
Ko te rahi iti o te hau tapa tākarotia e tohua ana ki te punaha whakapīpīranga nītahana kia herekau ai i ngā tikanga paraihe iti āhuarangi e hangaia ana i te punaha nītahana. Ka kitea mai i ngā wāhanga 1-3, ko te paraihe matua kei roto i te arataki ko te etihana glukoro, ā, heitiki ana hoki ētahi atiamahana, ngā momo iti, me era atu hua noa i ngā arataki tāpu, ka wehe wehenga hau ki te karbonaikiriki me te wai ki te pūpahi katalikia Pt/Pd o te pūpahi katalikia. Heoi anō, me whakahaere tika te ihirangi oksijini nā te mea ka māmātia te wera i te wāhanga whakapakari aki, ka hua ai te kino o te tae o te hua, te itinga o te torotoronga, me te piki ake o ngā rōpū karokarohi mata. Ko te ihirangi oksijini i roto i te nītahana e puta mai ana i te punaha whakapīpīranga nītahana i tēnei taputapu e whakahaeretia ana i roto i te 10ppm. I nāianei, mā te āhuatanga o ngā punaha whakapīpīranga nītahana, i tua atu i te wehenga oksijini katalikia, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te upoko makariri EG kia herekau ai i ngā tikanga iti molekīni mai i te nītahana. Ka taea e tēnei tikanga te herekau i te ihirangi oksijini i te nītahana, engari kāore i tino āhuatia ki te herekau i ngā tikanga iti molekīni iti ukaupapa pērā i te atiamahana
(2) Te taumata whakapūmau hau pūpahi
Ko te maunga o te hau pūpahi e hāngai ana ki te piki ake o te kōtaha me te kounga o ngā kape. Tuatahi, ko ngā karohikara iti iti i roto i te hau pūpahi e āwhina ana i te aronga pikinga kōtaha kia neke ki te tātāwerenga, e korenei e hāngai ai ki te pikinga kōtaha o ngā kape. I te wā kotahi, ka hāngai hoki ki te tango i te acetaldehyde i ngā kape, nā reira ka hāngai ki te ihirangi aldehyde o ngā kape. Heoi anō, nō te hēkenga o ngā aronga molekiula teitei, ko te tātari i te hāngaitanga o ngā molekiula iti i roto i te hau pūpahi ki te ihirangi acetaldehyde e hiahiatia ana he rākimati anō.
(3) Te pito wai o te punaha hau pūpahi
I ngā teperetia teitei, ka taea e ngā molekīni wai te whakaputangia ai ngā molekīni nui polyester, nō reira ka pakaru te kounga o te hua. Nō reira, i te whanaketanga o te polycondensation phase pūrua, me whakahaere i te point roimata o te punaha nitrogen, arā, me whakahaere i te ihirangi o ngā molekīni wai o te punaha nitrogen. Mō te waeine BUHLER, e below -30 degrees Celsius ana te hiahia ki te point roimata nitrogen, ā, mō te waeine SINCO, e below -40 degrees Celsius ana te hiahia.
Whakamutunga
Ina whakamahia ngā paru PET mō te ipu huihuinga hei matēriri pakipaki, ko ngā tohu kounga matua ko ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei: kounga o waho, ngā īnoi mekanikī, te mahi ai, kāore he reka, kāore he tūpāpaku. He maha ngā take, he rerekē hoki ngā take e pa ana ki te kounga o ngā paru, ā, ko ngā take matua ko ngā āhuatanga i tātarihia runga ake nei. Ārai anō i ngā herekenga a te kaiwhakamahi, ka taea te whakarereke i te tauira, te ara tikanga, me ngā tikanga tikanga o ngā kapeka takitahi kia rerekē ai ngā tohu kua tuhia runga ake nei, kia tutuki ai ngā hiahia a te tauhokohoko. Me whakarite hoki mō te turangawaewae o te whanaketanga SSP.
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